Investigations of Ni(II)Cysteine-Tyrosine Dithiocarbamate Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic, and Anticancer Activity on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer ranks second in terms of the highest number of cancer deaths for women worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death from cancer in women. The drug that is often used for chemotherapy is cisplatin. However, cisplatin drugs have a number of problems, including lack of selectivity, unwanted side effects, resistance, and toxicity in the body. In this work, we investigated Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate complex against breast cancer. METHODS: Research on the new complex compound Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate have several stages including synthesis, characterization, in-silico and in-vitro testing of MCF-7 cells for anticancer drugs. The synthesis involved reacting cysteine, CS2, KOH and tyrosine with Mn metal. The new complex compound Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate has been synthesized, characterized, and tested in vitro MCF-7 cells for anticancer drugs. Characterization tests such as melting point, conductivity, SEM-EDS, UV Vis, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy have been carried out. RESULT: The synthesis yielded a 60,16%, conversion with a melting point of 216-218 oC and a conductivity value of 0.4 mS/cm. In vitro test results showed morphological changes (apoptosis) in MCF-7 cancer cells starting at a sample concentration of 250 µg/mL and an IC50 value of 618.40 µg/mL. Molecular docking study of Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate complex identified with 4,4',4''-[(2R)-butane-1,1,2-triyl]triphenol - Estrogen α showing active site with acidic residue amino E323, M388, L387, G390 and I389. Hydrophobic and hydrophobic bonds are seen in Ni(II) cysteine-tyrosine dithiocarbamate - Estrogen α has a binding energy of -80.9429 kJ /mol. CONCLUSION: there were 5 residues responsible for maintaining the ligand binding stable. The compound had significant Hbond contact intensity, however, it was not strong enough to make a significant anticancer effect. Though the synthesized compound shows low bioactivity, this research is expected to give valuable insight into the effect of molecular structure on anticancer activity.

Reactivity of a Dithiocarbamate-Ligated [WVI≡S] Complex with Hydride Donors: Toward a Synthetic Mimic of Formate Dehydrogenase.

Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzymes catalyze redox interconversion of CO2 and HCO2-, with a key mechanistic step being the transfer of H- from HCO2- to an oxidized active site featuring a [MVI≡S] group in a sulfur-rich environment (M = Mo or W). Here, we report reactivity studies with HCO2- and other reducing agents of a synthetic [WVI≡S] model complex ligated by dithiocarbamate (dtc) ligands. Reactions of [WVIS(dtc)3][BF4] (1) conducted in MeOH solvent generated [WVIS(S2)(dtc)2] (2) and [WVS(µ-S)(dtc)]2 (3) products by a solvolysis pathway that was accelerated by the presence of [Me4N][HCO2] but did not require it. Under MeOH-free conditions, the reaction of 1 with [Et4N][HCO2] produced some [WIV(µ-S)(µ-dtc)(dtc)]2 (4), but predominantly [WV(dtc)4]+ (5), along with stoichiometric CO2 detected by headspace gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Stronger hydride sources such as K-selectride generated the more reduced analogue, 4, exclusively. The reaction of 1 with the electron donor, CoCp2, also produced 4 and 5 in varying amounts depending on reaction conditions. These results indicate that formates and borohydrides act as electron donors rather than hydride donors toward 1, an outcome that diverges from the behavior of FDHs. The difference is ascribed to the more oxidizing potential of [WVI≡S] complex 1 when supported by monoanionic dtc ligands that allows electron transfer to outcompete hydride transfer, as compared to the more reduced [MVI≡S] active sites supported by dianionic pyranopterindithiolate ligands in FDHs.

Masking thiol reactivity with thioamide, thiourea, and thiocarbamate-based MBPs.

Thioamides, thioureas, and thiocarbamates are introduced as stable, sulfur-based metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) for use in metalloenzyme fragment-based drug discovery (mFBDD). MBP reactivity, bioactivity, and structural studies show that these molecules can act as ligands for Zn(II)-dependent metalloenzymes including human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2).

The Versatility in the Applications of Dithiocarbamates.

Dithiocarbamate ligands have the ability to form stable complexes with transition metals, and this chelating ability has been utilized in numerous applications. The complexes have also been used to synthesize other useful compounds. Here, the up-to-date applications of dithiocarbamate ligands and complexes are extensively discussed. Some of these are their use as enzyme inhibitor and treatment of HIV and other diseases. The application as anticancer, antimicrobial, medical imaging and anti-inflammatory agents is examined. Moreover, the application in the industry as vulcanization accelerator, froth flotation collector, antifouling, coatings, lubricant additives and sensors is discussed. The various ways in which they have been employed in synthesis of other compounds are highlighted. Finally, the agricultural uses and remediation of heavy metals via dithiocarbamate compounds are comprehensively discussed.

Dithiocarbamates effectively inhibit the α-carbonic anhydrase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Recently, inorganic anions and sulphonamides, two of the main classes of zinc-binding carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), were investigated for inhibition of the α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, NgCA. As an extension to our previous studies, we report that dithiocarbamates (DTCs) derived from primary or secondary amines constitute a class of efficient inhibitors of NgCA. KIs ranging between 83.7 and 827 nM were measured for a series of 31 DTCs that incorporated various aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic scaffolds. A subset of DTCs were selected for antimicrobial testing against N. gonorrhoeae, and three molecules displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than or equal to 8 µg/mL. As NgCA was recently validated as an antibacterial drug target, the DTCs may lead to development of novel antigonococcal agents.

Dithiocarbamates combined with copper for revitalizing meropenem efficacy against NDM-1-producing Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

The worldwide prevalence of NDM-1-producing Gram-negative pathogens has drastically undermined the clinical efficacy of carbapenems, prompting a need to devise an effective strategy to preserve their clinical value. Here we constructed a focused compound library of dithiocarbamates and systematically evaluated their potential synergistic antibacterial activities combined with copper. SA09-Cu exhibited excellent inhibition against a series of clinical NDM-1-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in restoring meropenem effect, and slowed down the development of carbapenem resistance. Enzymatic kinetic and isothermal titration calorimetry studies demonstrated that SA09-Cu was a noncompetitive NDM-1 inhibitor. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a novel inhibition mechanism, which is that SA09-Cu could convert NDM-1 into an inactive state by oxidizing the Zn(II)-thiolate site of the enzyme. Importantly, SA09-Cu showed a unique redox tuning ability, and avoided to be reduced by intracellular thiols of bacteria. In vivo experiments indicated that SA09 combined with CuGlu could effectively potentiate MER's effect against NDM-1-producing E. coli (EC23) in the murine infection model. This study provides a highly promising scaffold in developing novel inhibitors to combat NDM-1-producing CREs.

Antiproliferative activity and electrochemical oxygen evolution by Ni(II) complexes of N'-(aroyl)-hydrazine carbodithioates.

The electrochemical water splitting by transition metal complexes is emerging very rapidly. The nickel complexes also play a very vital role in various biological activities. Here, three new ligands {H2mbhce = N'-(4-methyl-benzoyl), H2pchce = N'-(pyridine-carbonyl) and H2hbhce = N'-(2-hydroxy-benzoyl) hydrazine carbodithioic acid ethyl ester} and their corresponding Ni(II) complexes [Ni(Hmbhce)2(py)2] (1), [Ni(pchce)(o-phen)2]·CH3OH·H2O (2) and [Ni(hbhce)(o-phen)2]·1.75CHCl3·H2O (3) have been synthesized and fully characterized by various physicochemical and X-ray crystallography techniques. The photoluminescence study and thermal degradations were also examined. The treatment of K562 cells with the increasing concentrations of the nickel salts, ligands, and complexes 1, 2, and 3 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of ligands reveals that ligand H2mbhce is more potent in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in comparison to other ligands H2pbhce and H2hbhce. Cytotoxicity assay results indicate that all complexes have remarkable cytotoxic potential in comparison to either nickel salts or the free ligands. Among these complexes, complex 1 has significantly better anti-tumor activity as compared to complexes 2 and 3. The electrochemical study of complexes 1, 2, and 3 for water oxidation reveals that all the complexes possess admirable electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and have lower overpotential (328, 338, and 370 mV, respectively) than many previously reported complexes and RuO2 (390 mV). Among complexes 1, 2, and 3, complex-2 shows a better water oxidation response. Consequently, these complexes have great potential to be utilized in fuel cells. The more reliable electrochemical parameter TOF is also calculated for all three complexes.

Synthesis and evaluation of new mixed "2 + 1" Re, 99mTc and 186Re tricarbonyl dithiocarbamate complexes with different monodentate ligands.

A series of "2 + 1" mixed ligand tricarbonyl complexes of the general formula fac-[Re/99mTc/186Re(CO)3(DDTC)(L)] containing diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as a monoanionic bidentate ligand and a series of monodentate ligands L was synthesized, characterized and evaluated. The impact of ligand L on the radiochemical yield (RCY) and biodistribution of the final compounds was also investigated. DDTC and the appropriate L ligand [cyclohexyl isocyanide (cisc), tert-butyl isocyanide (tbi), triphenylphosphine (PPh3), methyldiphenylphosphine (PPh2Me), triphenylarsine (AsPh3), imidazole (im), and 4-aminopyridine (4AP)] readily reacted in equimolar amounts with the [Et4N]2[Re(CO)3Br3] precursor to afford fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(cisc)], Re1, fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(tbi)], Re2, fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(PPh3)], Re3, fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(PPh2Me)], Re4, fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(AsPh3)], Re5, fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(im)], Re6 and fac-[Re(CO)3(DDTC)(4AP)], Re7, complexes in high yields (>80%). All Re complexes were fully characterized by IR, NMR, and in addition Re4, Re5, and Re7 with X-ray crystallography. Analogous reactions as performed with Re were subsequently explored on the 99mTc and 186Re-tracer levels using the corresponding fac-[99mTc/186Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ precursor. Complexes 99mTc1 - 99mTc5, 186Re1 and 186Re3 were obtained in high radiochemical yield (>91%), while the complexes 99mTc6, 99mTc7 and 186Re7 formed with radiochemical yields of 55%, 28%, and 75%, respectively. The 99mTc and 186Re-complexes were characterized by comparative HPLC analysis using the analogous Re complexes. During histidine and cysteine challenge experiments at 37 °C through 6 h, complexes 99mTc1 - 99mTc5 remained > 92% stable, while complexes 99mTc6 and 99mTc7 remained only 8% stable through 3 h. Similar studies for 186Re-complexes showed that 186Re1 and 186Re3 remained > 95% stable for up to 48 h, while 186Re7 had decreased to 7% after 3 h. LogD7.4 data of 99mTc1 - 99mTc5, 186Re1, and 186Re3 complexes, which ranged from 2.59 to 3.39, suggested high lipophilicity. Biodistribution studies in healthy Swiss albino mice showed hepatobiliary excretion for 99mTc1, 99mTc2, and 99mTc4, fast blood clearance for 99mTc4, while high liver uptake and retention for 99mTc3 and 99mTc5 were measured. Moreover, 99mTc2 showed high accumulation in the lungs with sustained retention (52.80% ID/g at 4 h p.i.) and significant brain uptake at 2 min p.i. (1.89% ID/g). The study showed the great influence of monodentate ligand in the synthesis and biodistribution of the mixed ligand complexes.

Pyridazinones containing dithiocarbamoyl moieties as a new class of selective MAO-B inhibitors.

A novel class of potential MAO-B inhibitors was designed and synthesized in good yield by combining the pyridazinone moiety with the dithiocarbamate framework, two relevant pharmacophores for drug discovery. The biological results obtained for the different pyridazinone/dithiocarbamate hybrids (compounds 8-14) indicated that most of them reversibly and selectively inhibit the hMAO-B in vitro with IC50 values in the µM range and exhibit not significant cellular toxicity. The analogues 9a1, 11a1, 12a2, 12b1 and 12b2, which present the dithiocarbamate fragment derivatized with a piperidin-1-yl or pyrrolidin-1-yl group and placed at C3 or C4 of the diazine ring, were the most attractive compounds of these series. Molecular modeling studies were performed to analyze the binding mode to the enzyme and the structure activity relationships of the titled compounds, as well as to predict their drug-like properties.

Anticancer Activity and Apoptosis Induction of Gold(III) Complexes Containing 2,2'-Bipyridine-3,3'-dicarboxylic Acid and Dithiocarbamates.

Three novel gold(III) complexes (1-3) of general composition [Au(Bipydc)(S2CNR2)]Cl2 (Bipydc = 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid and R = methyl for dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC), ethyl for diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC), and benzyl for dibenzyldithiocarbamate (DBDTC)) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The spectral results confirmed the presence of both the Bipydc and dithiocarbamate ligands in the complexes. The in vitro cytotoxic studies demonstrated that compounds 1-3 were highly cytotoxic to A549, HeLa, MDA-231, and MCF-7 cancer cells with activities much higher (about 25-fold) than cisplatin. In order to know the possible mode of cell death complex 2, [Au(Bipydc)(DEDTC)]Cl2 was further tested for induction of apoptosis towards the MCF-7 cells. The results indicated that complex 2 induces cell death through apoptosis.

Multicomponent Synthesis of Biologically Relevant S-Aryl Dithiocarbamates Using Diaryliodonium Salts.

A transition-metal-free one-pot three-component annulation between diaryliodonium triflates, cyclic and acyclic aliphatic amines, and carbon disulfide providing a convenient and efficient access to biologically relevant S-aryl dithiocarbamates is developed. The reaction does not require metal, base, or any other additive and operates under mild and ambient conditions. This methodology is robust, scalable, and exhibits a broad substrate scope. The in silico analysis revealed that the majority of the compounds have a drug-likeness and good ADMET characteristics.

Gold(III) to Ruthenium(III) Metal Exchange in Dithiocarbamato Complexes Tunes Their Biological Mode of Action for Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells.

Malignant tumors have affected the human being since the pharaoh period, but in the last century the incidence of this disease has increased due to a large number of risk factors, including deleterious lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking) and the higher longevity. Many efforts have been spent in the last decades on achieving an early stage diagnosis of cancer, and more effective cures, leading to a decline in age-standardized cancer mortality rates. In the last years, our research groups have developed new metal-based complexes, with the aim to obtain a better selectivity for cancer cells and less side effects than the clinically established reference drug cisplatin. This work is focused on four novel Au(III) and Ru(III) complexes that share the piperidine dithiocarbamato (pipe-DTC) as the ligand, in a different molar ratio. The compounds [AuCl2(pipeDTC)], [Au(pipeDTC)2]Cl, [Ru(pipeDTC)3] and ß-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5] have been synthesized and fully characterized by several chemical analyses. We have then investigated their biological properties in two different cell lines, namely, AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinomas), showing significant differences among the four compounds. First, the two gold-based compounds and ß-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5] display IC50 in the µM range, significantly lower than cisplatin. Second, we showed that [AuCl2(pipeDTC)] and ß-[Ru2(pipeDTC)5]Cl drive different molecular mechanisms. The first was able to induce the protein level of the DNA damage response factor p53 and the autophagy protein p62, in contrast to the second that induced the ATF4 protein level, but repressed p62 expression. This study highlights that the biological activity of different complexes bringing the same organic ligand depends on the electronic and structural properties of the metal, which are able to fine tune the biological properties, giving us precious information that can help to design more selective anticancer drugs.

Proposal of novel natural inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease: Molecular docking and ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations.

This paper proposes natural drug candidate compounds for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the binding properties between the compounds in the Moringa oleifera plant and the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 using molecular docking and ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations. Among the 12 compounds, niaziminin was found to bind the strongest to Mpro. We furthermore proposed novel compounds based on niaziminin and investigated their binding properties to Mpro. The results reveal that the introduction of a hydroxyl group into niaziminin enhances its binding affinity to Mpro. These niaziminin derivatives can be promising candidate drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.

The comparison of Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate cytotoxicity in T47D breast cancer and fibroblast cells.

BACKGROUND: With essential metals being studied and developed as anticancer agents, this study aims to explore the anticancer activity of Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate in the T47D and fibroblast cell lines. METHOD: The Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate complex was prepared by the in situ method and characterized using infra-red spectroscopy, melting point, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction instruments. The complex compound was tested for its cytotoxicity to the T47D breast cancer and fibroblast cell lines. RESULTS: The cytotoxicity of the Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate complex to the T47D breast cancer cell line obtained IC50 = 3.16 µg/mL, while cisplatin obtained IC50 = 28.18 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity of the Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate complex to fibroblast cells obtained IC50 = 8709.63 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: The Zn(II) arginine dithiocarbamate complex has increased active cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin in inducing morphological changes in the T47D breast cancer cell line and is relatively non-toxic to fibroblast cells.

Dithiocarbamate derivatives inhibit α-glucosidase through an apparent allosteric site on the enzyme.

Dithiocarbamate derivatives possess diverse biological activities. This work further expands their activity profile by identifying seven benzylamine-containing dithiocarbamate derivatives with piperazine and piperidine substitutions at the main moiety, and five piperazine-containing dithiocarbamates with various substitutions at the piperazine moiety as new inhibitors of α-glucosidase. Compounds bearing the benzylamine moiety exhibited more potent inhibition of the enzyme than the piperazine derivatives. Majority of the compounds non-competitively inhibited α-glucosidase that led to the identification of a new allosteric site on the enzyme with the help of molecular dynamics and docking studies. These studies suggest that the compounds regulate inhibition of the enzyme by binding to an allosteric site that is located in the vicinity of the active site. This is the first report on the allosteric inhibition of α-glucosidase by dithiocarbamate derivatives that provides insights into the mechanism of inhibition of the enzyme at molecular level. Moreover, it also explores new avenues for drug development of α-glucosidase inhibitors as antidiabetic drugs.

Radiolabeling and evaluation of a novel [99mTcN]2+ complex with deferoxamine dithiocarbamate as a potential agent for bacterial infection imaging.

In order to find a 99mTc-labeled deferoxamine radiotracer for bacterial infection imaging, deferoxamine dithiocarbamate (DFODTC) was successfully synthesized and it was radiolabeled with [99mTcN]2+ core to prepare the 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 complex. 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 was obtained with high radiochemical purity without further purification. The complex was lipophilic and exhibited good in vitro stability. According to the result of bacterial binding study, the binding of 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 to bacteria was specific. Biodistribution in mice study indicated that 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 had a higher uptake in bacterial infection tissues than in turpentine-induced abscesses at 120 min after injection, which showed that the radiotracer could differentiate between bacterial infection and sterile inflammation. SPECT/CT images showed that there was a clear accumulation in infection sites, suggesting that 99mTcN(DFODTC)2 could be a potential bacterial infection imaging radiotracer.

Biomimetic Carbene Cascades Enabled Imine Derivative Migration from Carbene-Bearing Thiocarbamates.

Inspired by the body circulation of Omeprazole (irreversible proton pump inhibitor), we disclose the carbene-triggered cascades for the synthesis of 2-aminobenzofuran derivatives from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles or benzothioazole-bearing thiocarbamates, which represents an unprecedented imine derivative migration process. Furthermore, the desulfurizing reagent-free Barton-Kellogg-type reactions starting from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles have also been achieved for the first time, and elemental sulfur is confirmed as a byproduct during this transformation. Both experimental data and DFT calculations further thoroughly explained the unique reactivity.

Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Three Novel Dehydroabietyl Piperazine Dithiocarbamate Ruthenium (II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Potential Antitumor Agents: DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Induction.

The use of cisplatin is severely limited by its toxic side-effects, which has spurred chemists to employ different strategies in the development of new metal-based anticancer agents. Here, three novel dehydroabietyl piperazine dithiocarbamate ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes (6a-6c) were synthesized as antitumor agents. Compounds 6a and 6c exhibited better in vitro antiproliferative activity against seven tumor cell lines than cisplatin, they displayed no evident resistance in the cisplatin-resistant cell line A549/DPP. Importantly, 6a effectively inhibited tumor growth in the T-24 xenograft mouse model in comparison with cisplatin. Gel electrophoresis assay indicated that DNA was the potential targets of 6a and 6c, and the upregulation of p-H2AX confirmed this result. Cell cycle arrest studies demonstrated that 6a and 6c arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, accompanied by the upregulation of the expression levels of the antioncogene p27 and the down-regulation of the expression levels of cyclin E. In addition, 6a and 6c caused the apoptosis of tumor cells along with the upregulation of the expression of Bax, caspase-9, cytochrome c, intracellular Ca2+ release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the downregulation of Bcl-2. These mechanistic study results suggested that 6a and 6c exerted their antitumor activity by inducing DNA damage, and consequently causing G1 stage arrest and the induction of apoptosis.

The DpdtbA induced EMT inhibition in gastric cancer cell lines was through ferritinophagy-mediated activation of p53 and PHD2/hif-1α pathway.

Previous studies have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but how ferritinophagy-mediated ROS production affects EMT status remains obscure. 2,2'-di-pyridylketone hydrazone dithiocarbamate s-butyric acid (DpdtbA), an iron chelator, exhibited interesting antitumor activities against gastric and esophageal cancer cells. As an extension of our previous research, in this paper we presented the effect of DpdtbA on EMT regulation of gastric cancer lines (SGC-7901 and MGC-803) in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The data from immunofluorescent and Western blotting analysis revealed that DpdtbA treatment resulted in EMT inhibition along with downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (hif-1α), hinting that prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) was involved. Knockdown of PHD2 significantly attenuated the action of DpdtbA on EMT regulation, supporting that PHD2 involved the EMT modulation. In addition, the inhibition of EMT involved ROS production that stemmed from DpdtbA induced ferritinophagy; while the accumulation of ferrous iron due to ferritinophagy contributed to PHD2 activation and hif-1α degradation. The correlation analysis revealed that ferritinophagic flux was a dominant driving force in determination of the EMT status. Futhermore, the ferritinophagy-mediated ROS production triggered p53 activation. Taken together, All data supported that DpdtbA induced EMT inhibition was through activation of p53 and PHD2/hif-1α pathway.

Photolysis kinetics of cartap and nereistoxin in water and tea beverages under irradiation of simulated sunlight and ultraviolet under laboratory conditions.

Cartap applied widely in agricultural crops and tea plants is readily degraded into nereistoxin, resulting in a longer residual period and higher exposure risk to humans. The photolysis kinetics of cartap and nereistoxin in water and tea beverages was firstly investigated to explore the effect and mechanism of pesticide residue removal. Cartap and nereistoxin could be effectively photolyzed by ultraviolet and their photolysis rate increased with light intensity increasing. The photolysis percentage of cartap and nereistoxin in different solutions under ultraviolet irradiation of 200 W mercury lamp reached 81.8%-100.0% within 6 h. Relative to water solution, the water-soluble components in tea had an inhibition effect on the photodegradation of cartap and nereistoxin. This research provided a reference for the development of effective methods for the removal of cartap and its metabolite in water and tea beverages.